Purpose: To compare the clinical, optical coherence tomography (OCT) features, and surgical outcomes of lamellar macular hole (LMH) depending on the presence of epimacular membrane proliferation (EMPF). Methods: This retrospective chart review included 112 eyes with LMH. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence of EMPF. Group 1 had LMH without EMPF and Group 2 had LMH with EMPF. The best-corrected visual acuity was recorded and OCT scans were obtained. Results: Lamellar macular hole without and with EMPF was noted in 62 (55%) and 50 (45%) eyes, respectively. The presence of EMPF was associated with lower presenting visual acuity (P = 0. 049), wider LMH size at the largest diameter on the horizontal scan (P = 0. 001), thinner residual retinal tissue (P =<0. 0001), and larger IS-OS defects (P =<0. 0001) as compared to the non-EMPF group. Of the 112 eyes, 18 eyes underwent surgery for LMH. Seven eyes had EMPF and the remaining eleven did not have EMPF. The average follow-up time for patients post-surgery and under observation was 16. 8 and 24. 1 weeks, respectively. A significant improvement in visual acuity was noted in the operated eyes with no EMPF as compared to the eyes with EMPF (P = 0. 008). Worsening visual acuity (P = 0. 021) was noted in eyes with LMH associated with EMPF which did not undergo surgery. Eyes with LMH and no EMPF, which were not operated on showed a minimal negative change in visual acuity. Conclusion: LMH with EMPF showed a higher association with accompanying ellipsoid zone disruption. Better anatomical and functional outcomes were achieved in those eyes that underwent surgery for LMH with no presence of EMPF and ellipsoid zone defect.

The film cooling effectiveness of a staggered arrangement of small and large Holes was investigated. The small auxiliary Holes were located normal to the cooled surface, whereas the large main Holes had an inclination angle of 30°. The center points of the small Holes were located upstream, downstream, and in the same position as the main Holes. A hole pitch (P/D) of 3 and a thickness (t/D) of 3 were considered. The film cooling performance of the hole in trench structure and the cylindrical hole was also determined. The numerical results show that large-scale vortices caused by the auxiliary hole injection inhibit the development of vortices caused by the main hole in the streamwise direction. This result differs from that of anti-vortex film cooling. Compared to the baseline, the increase in the surface-averaged values is 15-22% for the staggered arrangement, depending on the blowing ratio (0. 5 to 2. 0). The positions of the auxiliary Holes have an effect on the spanwise-averaged values.

In this paper we discuss the usual derivation of Hawking radiation for a spherical symmetric black hole and the problem connected with the appearance of high frequencies in the derivation of Hawking radiation. The important view of this paper is that problem may be overcomed if one takes the back reaction effect into account. We try to solve the problem by a heuristic method; this will confront us with the well known cosmological constant problem.

Background: Structural Holes as a considerable issue in network approach can be tracked in central indices. Objectives: This research aims to survey indices that can measure Structural Holes. We are looking for the most important scientific authors and their connections in the field of medical genetics to facilitate information flow in the network of medical genetics relations. Methods: First, co-authorship network of Iranian medical genetics scientists (faculty members) was extracted via searching Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, as a result of which 7451 articles were retrieved. With co-authorship techniques, the most central nodes in the network were picked as highlighted scientists. In the next phase, two other indices (i. e., hypertext induced topics search [HITS] and PageRank) were calculated with the help of Sci2 and compared to redundancy, efficiency and effective size as Structural hole indices. Results: There was a significant relationship between the two groups of indices. There were few Structural Holes in our network because redundancy and constraint were low. Constraint index and centrality indices can be used for extracting Structural Holes. Conclusions: In confirmation of previous studies, the constraint index can be used as a method for extracting Structural Holes. Compared to the HITS algorithm, the constraint index works best in this regard. At the same time, the study of HITS and PageRank indicators showed a significant association between the figures derived from the calculation of these two indicators, and each one can be employed to find Structural Holes.